动词（15）
| Word | 中文 | 例句 |
|---|---|---|
| accumulate | 积累 | Sediment accumulates slowly over time. |
| adapt | 适应 | Animals adapt to changes in climate. |
| advocate | 提倡 | The author advocates a new method. |
| alter | 改变 | Human activity has altered the landscape. |
| analyze | 分析 | Researchers analyzed the samples. |
| assess | 评估 | It is difficult to assess the damage. |
| assume | 假定 | The theory assumes a steady supply. |
| attribute | 归因于 | Scientists attribute the change to warming. |
| conduct | 进行 | They conducted three experiments. |
| demonstrate | 证明 | The results demonstrate a clear effect. |
| derive | 推导 | The formula is derived from the data. |
| diminish | 减少 | The population has diminished sharply. |
| establish | 建立 | The colony was established in 1600. |
| evaluate | 评价 | We need to evaluate the evidence. |
| illustrate | 说明 | The example illustrates the process. |
名词（15）
| Word | 中文 | 例句 |
|---|---|---|
| hypothesis | 假设 | The hypothesis was tested twice. |
| evidence | 证据 | There is strong evidence for the theory. |
| phenomenon | 现象 | The phenomenon occurs in cold water. |
| mechanism | 机制 | The mechanism is not fully understood. |
| theory | 理论 | The theory explains the pattern. |
| methodology | 方法论 | The methodology has been criticized. |
| data | 数据 | The data support the conclusion. |
| analysis | 分析 | The analysis revealed a trend. |
| context | 背景 | The context is important for interpretation. |
| consequence | 后果 | The consequences were unexpected. |
| impact | 影响 | The impact on the region was severe. |
| factor | 因素 | Temperature is a key factor. |
| trend | 趋势 | The trend continued for decades. |
| approach | 方法 | A new approach was proposed. |
| aspect | 方面 | One aspect deserves attention. |
形容词（15）
| Word | 中文 | 例句 |
|---|---|---|
| academic | 学术的 | Academic writing requires precision. |
| accurate | 准确的 | The measurement was accurate. |
| adequate | 足够的 | Adequate light is needed for growth. |
| apparent | 明显的 | The difference soon became apparent. |
| complex | 复杂的 | The system is highly complex. |
| comprehensive | 全面的 | The study offers a comprehensive view. |
| crucial | 关键的 | Water is crucial for survival. |
| significant | 显著的 | There was a significant change. |
| specific | 具体的 | Give a specific example. |
| sufficient | 充足的 | The sample was not sufficient. |
| various | 各种的 | Various factors were considered. |
| abstract | 抽象的 | The concept is rather abstract. |
| empirical | 经验的 | The claim lacks empirical support. |
| plausible | 合理的 | The explanation sounds plausible. |
| substantial | 大量的 | A substantial amount of data was collected. |
连接与逻辑（15）
| Word | 中文 | 例句 |
|---|---|---|
| accordingly | 因此 | The data changed; the model was adjusted accordingly. |
| although | 虽然 | Although the sample was small, the trend was clear. |
| consequently | 结果 | The population fell; consequently, food became scarce. |
| however | 然而 | However, the results were not consistent. |
| moreover | 此外 | Moreover, the method is inexpensive. |
| nevertheless | 尽管如此 | Nevertheless, the theory remains influential. |
| therefore | 因此 | The evidence is weak; therefore, the claim is uncertain. |
| whereas | 而 | The north is wet, whereas the south is dry. |
| furthermore | 而且 | Furthermore, the effect persisted for years. |
| thus | 因此 | The reaction slowed; thus, less heat was produced. |
| in contrast | 相比之下 | In contrast, the second group improved. |
| for instance | 例如 | For instance, birds migrate in autumn. |
| as a result | 结果 | As a result, the lake shrank. |
| in addition | 此外 | In addition, the soil is rich in minerals. |
| on the other hand | 另一方面 | On the other hand, the cost is high. |
怎么用
- 每天 6 个：读单词、读例句、听发音。
- 听写：把例句听一遍，写下关键词。
- 周末复盘：只看英文，能说出中文和例句才算会。
常见问题
托福要背多少词？
核心学术词约 3,000–4,000；先掌握这 60 个，再补学科词。
听力里听不懂怎么办？
先记发音和词义，再练听写；不要只背拼写。
和听说读写页什么关系？
词汇是基础；题型策略见 /exams/toefl-reading/、/exams/toefl-listening/ 等。